ABSTRACT:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is significantly transforming second language (L2), particularly English (ESL), education. This paper examines AI’s current applications, potential benefits, and emerging challenges within ESL classrooms. Core AI technologies like Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) power tools such as machine translation, AI writing assistants (e.g., Grammarly), chatbots, intelligent tutoring systems, and platforms like Duolingo. These tools facilitate personalized and adaptive learning experiences, providing immediate feedback, enhancing learner autonomy, and supporting skill development in grammar, writing, pronunciation, and conversation. Key established benefits include increased student engagement, motivation, accessibility, individualized pacing, and real-time analytics for progress tracking. However, the integration of AI presents substantial challenges. These encompass ethical concerns regarding data privacy, risks of student over-reliance on technology, potential misalignment with sound pedagogical practices, and teacher resistance stemming from fears of displacement or reduced control. Systemic barriers like high costs, infrastructure limitations, and insufficient teacher training also hinder adoption. The paper concludes by emphasizing the critical need for robust educational policies grounded in the OECD’s “Trustworthy AI” principles (lawful, ethical, robust). It provides targeted recommendations for legislators, AI developers, researchers, schools, and teachers to ensure AI is integrated into ESL education equitably, effectively, and in a human-centered manner, maximizing its benefits while mitigating associated risks.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education, English as a Second Language, Educational Technology, Language Pedagogy, Personalized Language Learning