Development of Outcomes-Based Teaching and Learning AI-Enhance Cybersecurity Education Course Syllabus

Jessabel P. Alancado; Andrew C. Caronongan; Joyvie C. Fernandez; Diosdado C. Caronongan; Usman Yusuf; Nura Umar Manya Manya; Mustapha Barau; Aradhana Dewangan; Shikha Shinde; Manoj Kumar Banjare; Samuel F. Camorongan; Diosdado C. Caronongan; Regine Chris F. Yadao,; Sheree G. Ganzon,; Jesse P. Ordoñez Jr.; Achuenu Ifeanyi,; Adegboye Ayobami Joshua; Achuenu Ifeanyi; Zi, I. C.; Amakiri, A. R. C.,; Tamunobereton-ari, I.,; Amonieah, J.

Development of Outcomes-Based Teaching and Learning AI-Enhance Cybersecurity Education Course Syllabus

August 12, 2026August 12, 2026 Selim

Development of Outcomes-Based Teaching and Learning AI-Enhance Cybersecurity Education Course Syllabus

Jessabel P. Alancado , Andrew C. Caronongan

Graduate School, University of Luzon, Master in Information Technology Program, University of Eastern Pangasinan

Published: 11 Aug 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

It cannot be ignored that Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a breakthrough in the field of higher education, providing opportunities to improve the processes of teaching, learning, and cybersecurity education. Given this, it is becoming increasingly vital to gain insight into the effect of Generative AI exposure on the acquisition of fundamental Information Technology skills by the learners. This research paper investigated the impact of Generative AI exposure on cybersecurity knowledge and skills, critical thinking skills, and ethical AI usage among third year Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) students of University of Eastern Pangasinan. A quantitative descriptive-correlational type of study was done in combination with a developmental approach. Overall, there were 185 third year BSIT students who took part in the survey using a validated self-reporting questionnaire. The statistical tools such as the mean and standard deviation were used to measure their AI exposures and competencies, while Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlations between the variables. From the results, it can be seen that the subjects exhibited high knowledge of Generative AI tools and high levels of usage, while cybersecurity engagement was moderate. Cybersecurity skills and critical thinking skills were also at the moderate level, while responsible use of AI was at a high level. Correlation tests showed that there were statistically significant positive correlations between Generative AI experience and cybersecurity skills (r = .874), critical thinking skills (r = .822), and responsible use of AI (r = .792), where all correlations were significant at p < .001. From the findings, one can see that the more exposure to Generative AI the subject had, the better their technical, analytical, and ethical skills. Based on the above results, an AI-Enhanced OBTL Syllabus was formulated.

Keywords: Generative Artificial Intelligence, AI-Enhanced Outcomes-Based Teaching and Learning (OBTL) Syllabus, cybersecurity education, cybersecurity skills, critical thinking, responsible AI use.

1. Introduction

The quick advancement in the field of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought a change in higher education in the form of redefining teaching and learning methods, assessments, and problem-solving techniques. The use of AI tools such as ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and GitHub Copilot enables students to create content, program codes, perform analysis in cybersecurity cases, and get feedback instantly, which increases the efficiency of learning. With the increasing integration of technology into education, there is potential for using Generative AI to improve cybersecurity education by cultivating technical skills, critical thinking skills, and responsible use of AI. The educational benefits of Generative AI depend on its integration into the curriculum for educational purposes other than just being a productivity tool (OECD, 2023; UNESCO, 2023).

2. Results and Discussion

This chapter provides the results of the study based on the three refined research questions. These are presented in two main parts: Results and Discussion. The Results part shows the statistical results via tables and descriptive analysis, while the Discussion part discusses the results within the context of the existing literature, theoretical framework, and the implications for AI-based cybersecurity education. The results were also the bases for formulating the OBTL syllabus for AIbased cybersecurity education.

3. Conclusion

This study concluded that third-year Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) students at the University of Eastern Pangasinan demonstrated moderate levels of exposure to Generative AI among the third year BSIT students in the University of Eastern Pangasinan in terms of high familiarity and frequency of usage but moderate level of engagement in cybersecurity activities. The respondents also showed moderate levels of skills in cybersecurity and critical thinking while responsible AI use was high. Statistically significant positive correlation was observed between Generative AI exposure and cybersecurity skills, critical thinking, and responsible AI use. It shows that greater exposure to Generative AI is significantly correlated with better technical, analytical and ethical competencies. From these results, an AI Enhanced Outcomes-Based Teaching and Learning (OBTL) Cybersecurity Education Course Syllabus was created in order to close the competency gaps identified through the study by utilizing the use of AI-assisted learning activities, assessments and cybersecurity simulations in addition to responsible AI use.

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] OECD. (2023). Advancing accountability in AI: Governing and managing risks throughout the lifecycle for trustworthy AI. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/adv ancing-accountability-in-ai_2448f04ben.html

[2] UNESCO. (2023). Guidance for generative AI in education and research. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/guidan ce-generative-ai-education-and-research.

[3] Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.

[4] Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://www.jstor.org/stable/249008.

[5] Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., Luetge, C., Madelin, R., Pagallo, U., Rossi, F., Schafer, B., Valcke, P., & Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482- 5.

Full reference list available in the PDF version.

Development And Evaluation of a Secure Cloud-Based AiPowered Academic Information System

August 8, 2026August 8, 2026 Selim

Development And Evaluation of a Secure Cloud-Based AiPowered Academic Information System

Joyvie C. Fernandez, Diosdado C. Caronongan

Graduate School, University of Luzon, Master in Information Technology Program,

Published: 06 Aug 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

This study developed a secure cloud-based AI-powered academic information system, specifically implemented at Dumpay National High School in Dumpay, Basista, Pangasinan. The increasing need for accessible, efficient and secure school information services resulted in the development of a system that can help students, teachers and administrative personnel in obtaining school and academic related information through a guided portal interface. The system was designed to answer common queries regarding announcements, office services, schedules, the school newspaper, and sectionspecific issues, and it also incorporated security monitoring features like query analysis, activity recording, and suspicious input flagging to encourage safer use of the platform. The study used a descriptive-developmental research design and followed the Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology, which allowed for iterative development, user feedback, and continuous improvement of the system. The developed system was evaluated in terms of its features, validity, usability, and effectiveness. The participants included students, teachers, administrative staff, and IT experts who assessed the system through evaluation tools, technical evaluation, interviews, and try-out sessions. Results showed that the system was generally acceptable in all major areas, with overall weighted means ranging from 3.99 to 4.16. The respondents also agreed that the system was effective along administrative efficiency, user access to school-related information, timely communication, and secure handling of school information. Based on the findings, the study concluded that the developed secure cloud-based AI-powered academic information system has strong potential as a useful and reliable academic information support tool. Overall, the findings suggest that the developed system can contribute to more efficient, accessible, and secure school information services in the public basic education setting.

Keywords: Cloud-Based System, AI-Powered Academic Information System, Security Monitoring, Rapid Application Development, Public Basic Education Institution

1. Introduction

The growing use of cloud computing has significantly influenced how educational institutions deliver information services and support academic and administrative operations. Cloud-based platforms allow educational institutions to provide accessible, scalable, and internet-based services that can be reached across different locations and devices. In the educational sector, cloud technologies have been recognized as enabling access to information, flexibility of systems, and less dependence on local infrastructure maintenance but also raising important issues of security and data protection (Liando et al., 2022). In regard to this, cloud-based deployment offers a feasible environment to implement AI-assisted information services that can improve the accessibility and responsiveness of communication about schools. As educational institutions are increasingly relying on digital platforms, protection of school related information has become an important concern. Cybersecurity risks in the education sector include unauthorized access, phishing, ransomware and other events that may disrupt operations and compromise sensitive information. Recently, the U.S. Department of Education issued guidelines indicating that K-12 schools remain highly susceptible to cyber-attacks and require better protection mechanisms, reporting standardized procedures, and integrated security measures to mitigate the impact of cyber-related incidents (U.S. Department of Education, 2026). Such concerns are particularly timely in schools where technical resources, security policies and monitoring methods may still be restricted, therefore growing the demand for safer digital information services.

2. Results

This section presents the results of the study based on the objectives stated in the manuscript. The findings cover the requirements for the development of the secure cloud-based AIpowered academic information system, the validity of the developed system in terms of functionality, consistency, and security, its usability, and its effectiveness in supporting administrative efficiency, user access to school-related information, timely communication, and secure handling of school information

3. Discussion

The findings of the study showed that the developed secure cloud-based AI-powered academic information system was generally found acceptable by the respondents. In terms of validity, functionality received a weighted mean of 4.04, consistency obtained 3.99, and security obtained the highest weighted mean of 4.13, all with a descriptive equivalent of Agree and a descriptive interpretation of Acceptable. These results indicate that the system was able to perform its intended tasks, provide stable outputs, and maintain appropriate safeguards for user access and school information.

4. Conclusion

The study determined the requirements for the development of the Cloud-Based AI-Powered Academic Information System, including the existing manual process, the proposed system architecture, and the hardware and software needs of the system. The developed secure cloud-based AIpowered academic information system had features in terms of functionality, consistency, and security. It provided school-related information access, AIassisted inquiry support through DNHS InfoBot, organized information pages, and security functions for controlled access and monitoring.

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] Liando, O. E., Kapahang, M. R., & Batmetan, J. R. (2022). Cloud security adoption factors in educational institutions. International Journal of Information Technology and Education, 1(3), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.62711/ijite.v1i3.67

[2] U.S. Department of Education. (2026, March 17). K-12 cybersecurity. https://www.ed.gov/teaching-andadministration/safe-learningenvironments/school-safety-and-security/k-12- cybersecurity

[3] Okonkwo, C. W., & Ade-Ibijola, A. (2021). Chatbots applications in education: A systematic review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, Article 100033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100033

[4] Labadze, L., Grigolia, M., & Machaidze, L. (2023). Role of AI chatbots in education: Systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20, Article 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00426-1

[5] Chauncey, S. A., & McKenna, H. P. (2023). A framework and exemplars for ethical and responsible use of AI chatbot technology to support teaching and learning. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, Article 100182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100182

Full reference list available in the PDF version.

The Impact of Proliferation of Small Arms on Nigeria’s National Security

August 5, 2026August 8, 2026 Selim

Clinical Practicum Experience of Male Midwifery Students

The Impact of Proliferation of Small Arms on Nigeria’s National Security

Usman Yusuf, Nura Umar Manya Manya, Mustapha Barau

School of Postgraduate Studies, Institute of Governance and Development Studies, Nasarawa state university, keffi. Nigeria

Published: 28 July 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

This study investigates the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in Nigeria from 2010 to 2025 and its implications for national security, guided by the Failed State Theory and the Human Security Theory. Using secondary data from ACLED, UNODC, the Small Arms Survey, and Nigerian government reports, the research identifies key drivers of SALW proliferation, including porous borders, insurgency dynamics, organized criminal networks, and persistent corruption. Findings show that the proliferation of SALW has fueled armed conflict, resulting in over 3.3 million internally displaced persons by 2023, with more than half being children, and imposing significant humanitarian and fiscal burdens on the state. Although tactical interventions such as arms seizures have had short-term effects, systemic weaknesses have prevented sustainable security improvements. In conclusion, the study confirms that SALW proliferation poses both structural and human security threats. Consistent with the Small Arms Survey (2023), the study recommends strengthening institutional capacity and enhancing border control to effectively curb the flow of illicit arms.

Keywords: Small Arms Proliferation, National Security, Human Security, Failed State Theory, Nigeria, Internal Displacement, Arms Trafficking.

1. Introduction

The pursuit of national security is a fundamental imperative for state sovereignty and socioeconomic development, forming the very core of the social contract between the state and its citizenry (Hobbes, 1651/2008). Within the contemporary Nigerian context, however, this imperative is profoundly undermined by the pervasive and uncontrolled movement of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW). Defined by the United Nations as easily portable conventional weapons designed for individual or crew use, the proliferation of SALW constitutes a critical challenge, shifting the balance of coercive power away from the state and into the hands of non-state actors (UN Report, 1997). This phenomenon has systematically exacerbated existing fault lines, transforming localized communal disputes into large-scale, lethal conflicts.

2. Methodology

This study adopted a descriptive and analytical research design, drawing on secondary data to examine the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in Nigeria and its implications for national security between 2010 and 2025. The descriptive approach enabled systematic documentation of trends, patterns, and relationships, while analytical techniques facilitated interpretation of data in relation to the study objectives and theoretical frameworks.

3. Discussion

This section presents and analyses data obtained from reliable secondary sources. The data, covering the period from 2010 to 2025, were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques in SPSS, focusing on frequencies, percentages, and trend patterns. The presentation was guided by the study’s objectives, which analyses the implication of Proliferation of Small Arms on Nigeria’s National Security.

4. Conclusion

The study concludes that SALW proliferation in Nigeria is structurally rooted and sustained by governance deficits, porous borders, and persistent conflict. The interplay between high internal demand and weak institutional capacity has created a self-reinforcing cycle of insecurity. Using the Failed State Theory, the findings highlight how institutional weakness and corruption enable trafficking networks to flourish despite tactical government interventions. Human Security Theory further illustrates that the crisis extends beyond state-level concerns, severely affecting civilians through displacement, loss of life, and the erosion of social cohesion. In essence, while Nigeria possesses the technical and operational capacity to intervene, the absence of sustained structural reform and effective policy implementation undermines longterm stability. SALW proliferation thus remains a foundational threat to both national security and human development, requiring integrated solutions that strengthen institutions while prioritizing the protection of vulnerable populations.

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project). (2024). Nigeria country report:Trends in armed conflict and fatalities.

[2] Adebayo, M., & Obasi, E. (2022).Transnational factors and the proliferation of small arms in Northern Nigeria. African Security Review, 32(2), 66–83.

[3] Adejo-Andrew, B. O., Olasupo, F. A., & Ezugwu, C. G. (2020). Small arms proliferation and national security in Nigeria. African Security Review, 29(1), 94–114.

[4] Adejumo, A. (2023). Illicit weapons flows and Nigeria’s border governance challenges. Journal of African Security Studies, 14(3), 45– 62.

[5] Adeyemi, P., & Thomas, I. (2023). Socio economic consequences of weapon proliferation in Nigeria. Journal of African Peace and Development, 14(2), 55–74.

[6] Adeyemo, S. O. (2022). National security in contemporary Nigeria: Challenges and strategies. Nigerian Journal of Strategic Studies, 15(1), 66–82.

[7] Akinkuotu, I. (2020). Dynamics of small arms proliferation in Nigeria. International Security Review, 24(2), 33–49.

[8] Akinyemi, A. O., & Edeko, S. U. (2021). Institutional gaps and the control of small arms in Nigeria. Journal of Security Studies, 19(2), 120–143.

[9] Aluko, O., & Ajala, O. M. (2021). Small arms and light weapons proliferation in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. [Missing publication details].

[10] Amadi, C., & Onuoha, F. (2023). Regional cooperation and small arms control in West Africa. West African Security Review, 11(1), 82–101.

[11] Amadi, L., & Wokoma, O. (2022). The impact of militancy on Nigeria’s oil economy. [Missing publication details].

[12] Ayantayo, J. K. (2019). Small arms and light weapons proliferation in Nigeria: Consequences and policy implications. [Missing publication details].

[13] Ayoola, S. (2020). The Firearms Act and arms control policy in contemporary Nigeria. Journal of Law and Security Studies, 14(2), 34– 47.

[14] Benedict, W., & Peters, K. (2022). Challenges of small arms control in West Africa. Journal of Security Studies, 18(2), 134–158.

[15] Berman, E., & Bevan, J. (2021). Craft-produced small arms and security risks in West Africa. Small Arms Survey Report. Graduate Institute.

[16] Call, C. (2021). The evolving debate on state failure. Journal of Global Governance, 27(2), 157–176.

[17] Chukwuma, E., & Eze, J. (2021). Local arms production and insecurity in Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 9(3), 118–137.

[18] DTM (IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix). (2024, March). IDP atlas Nigeria – NorthCentral & North-West.

[19] ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States). (2020). Assessment of small arms and light weapons proliferation in West Africa.

[20] ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States). (2022). Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons.

[21] Edeko, S. U. (2011). The proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Africa: A case study of Nigeria. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 5(1/2), 35–62.

[22] Ehigie, O., Musa, G., & Salihu, R. (2021). Local production and self-defense militias: Inside Nigeria’s craft arms economy. Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 19(1), 101–119.

[23] Eze, E. E. (2020). Demand for arms by insurgent groups and national insecurity in Nigeria. [Missing publication details].

[24] Eze, O. (2020). Small arms proliferation and communal violence in Nigeria. African Journal of Conflict Resolution, 15(1), 45–67.

[25] Ezeala, K. (2021). Critical security studies and Nigeria’s armed violence. African Security Review, 30(1), 20–34.

[26] Frimpong, J. (2019). The local fabrication of firearms and conflict dynamics in Nigeria. African Peace and Security Journal, 11(2), 119–137.

[27] Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. (2023). Global organized crime index.

[28] Hobbes, T. (2008). Leviathan. Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1651).

[29] Ibrahim, K., & Saleh, A. (2021). Small arms flow and the persistence of Boko Haram violence. Conflict and Society Journal, 7(1), 64–79.

[30] Institute for Security Studies. (2021). Policy brief on border control operations in Nigeria: Effectiveness and policy gaps.

[31] Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. (2024). Internal displacement in Africa – Nigeria profile.

[32] Iyekekpolo, O., & Adegbami, A. (2023). Governance deficits and the proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Nigeria. Journal of African Security Studies, 13(2), 45– 68.

[33] Jacob, U. S. (2017). Uncontrollable proliferation of small and light weapons in rural areas of the Nigerian climate. [Missing publication details].

[34] Musa, S., & Ibrahim, L. (2023). Small arms proliferation and the escalation of banditry in Northwestern Nigeria. Nigeria Security Monitor, 17(1), 46–64.

[35] Musa, S., & Ibrahim, T. (2022). Economic factors and the proliferation of small arms in Northwest Nigeria. Journal of Security and Development, 6(4), 22–41.

[36] National Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Security sector reports and statistics on arms recovery. • Newman, E. (2019). Human security: Development, security and human rights. International Studies Review, 21(3), 348–366.

[37] Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2024). Report of internally displaced persons in Nigeria 2023.

[38] Nigerian Customs Service. (2024). Annual report on border security and seizures.

[39] Nigeria Security Tracker. (2024). Annual report on violence and security in Nigeria. Nigeria Security Tracker Foundation.

[40] Nkwachukwu, D. (2022). Improvised and craft weapons in Nigeria: Patterns and policy responses. Security Studies Quarterly, 18(3), 177–192.

[41] Nwokedi, L., & Abdul, S. (2020). Evaluating the firearms act and arms control in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Law and Security, 3(1), 33– 49.

[42] Obioma, C., & Lawal, B. (2022). Post-2021 arms control reforms and implementation challenges in Nigeria. International Journal of Security Policy, 12(3), 211–229.

[43] Ogundele, A. D. (2020). Nigeria as a hub for illicit small arms in West Africa. [Missing publication details].

[44] Ogunbiyi, Y., & Sharehu, I. (2021). Border management reforms and illicit arms inflow: Insights from Nigeria’s northwest. West African Policy Review, 9(4), 155–170.

[45] Ogunnubi, O., & Isike, C. (2021). Security sector reform and national security in Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 39(4), 463–480.

[46] Ojo, J., & Mohammed, U. (2019). Drivers of illicit arms circulation in Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 12(2), 91–110.

[47] Ojo, S. (2021). Weapon availability and armed violence in Nigeria. Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 16(2), 51–69.

[48] Okeke, P. O. (2019). The collapse of the Gaddafi regime and the influx of weapons into Nigeria. [Missing publication details].

[49] Okoli, A. C., & Hassan, A. (2020). Weapons availability and bandit violence in Northwest Nigeria. African Security Studies, 29(3), 211– 230.

[50] Okoli, A. C., & Ugwu, C. S. (2020). Small arms availability and rural insecurity in north west Nigeria. African Peace Review, 12(1), 72–89.

[51] Olayinka, T., & Eme, O. (2020). Militarization, communal conflicts, and human security in Nigeria’s middle belt. African Peace Studies, 8(2), 78–97.

[52] Otuya, G. (2019). The alarming situation of SALW proliferation in Nigeria. [Missing publication details].

[53] Paris, R. (2001). Human security: Paradigm shift or hot air. International Security, 26(2), 87–102.

[54] Rimmey, C. (2018). Conflict in neighbouring countries and arms smuggling into Nigeria. [Missing publication details].

[55] Rotberg, R. I. (2003). Failed states, collapsed states, weak states: Causes and indicators. Brookings Institution Press.

[56] Rotberg, R. I. (2004). When states fail: Causes and consequences. Princeton University Press.

[57] Salihu, R. (2019). Corruption and the security sector: Effects on small arms control. Journal of Modern African Studies, 24(1), 53–69.

[58] Sampson, I. (2019). Arms proliferation and state fragility in West Africa. Journal of Contemporary African Research, 44(2), 138– 156. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

[59] Small Arms Survey. (2020). Estimating the global distribution of civilian-held firearms. Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.

[60] Small Arms Survey. (2021). Global report on illicit small arms flows. Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.

[61] Small Arms Survey. (2023). Nigeria: Illicit small arms and light weapons proliferation (Research Report No. 58).

[62] Small Arms Survey. (2024). UNIDIR factors driving weapons holding in the North East of Nigeria.

[63] Tadjbakhsh, S., & Chenoy, A. M. (2007). Human security: Concepts and implications. Routledge.

[64] Uche, I., & Okoli, A. (2021). Armed violence, insurgency, and the socioeconomic costs in North East Nigeria. African Development Review, 42(2), 213–233.

[65] Umaru, S. (2021). Review of Operation Swift Response outcomes and implications for border security. [Missing publication details].

[66] UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (1994). Human development report.

[67] UNIDIR (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research). (2024). Weapons and ammunition management in Africa: Challenges and opportunities.

[68] United Nations. (1997). Report of the panel of governmental experts on small arms.

[69] United Nations. (2020). Report on small arms control in Africa.

[70] United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa. (2021). Status of small arms control in West Africa.

[71] UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). (2021). Transnational organized crime in West Africa: A threat assessment.

[72] Usman, Y., Adeleye, T., & Mohammed, N. (2020). Weak governance, corruption, porous borders, and the involvement of non-state actors in the illicit trade of SALW. [Missing publication details].

[73] World Bank. (2023). Worldwide governance indicators (WGI). • World Bank. (2025). SOLID project press release.

[74] Yusuf, D., & Danjuma, H. (2022). Institutional effectiveness of Nigeria’s new arms control architecture. Journal of Strategic Security Studies, 5(1), 44–61.

[75] Zartman, I. W. (1995). Collapsed states: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

[76] Zartman, I. W. (2019). Collapsed, failing andrecovering states. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Green Solvents in Organic Synthesis: Sustainable Alternatives for Eco-Friendly Chemical Transformations

August 5, 2026August 7, 2026 Selim

Green Solvents in Organic Synthesis: Sustainable Alternatives for Eco-Friendly Chemical Transformations

Aradhana Dewangan

Assistant Professor (Physics), Govt.Kavyopadhyay Hiralal College,Abhanpur,Raipur

Shikha Shinde

Assistant Professor (Physics), Govt.Kavyopadhyay Hiralal College,Abhanpur,Raipur.

Published: 27 July 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

Organic solvents are widely employed in organic synthesis but raise significant concerns due to their high flammability, volatility, toxicity, and hazardous nature. According to the principles of green chemistry, the use of solvents should be avoided or minimized whenever possible. However, in cases where their use is unavoidable, it is essential to prioritize greener, less toxic alternatives to reduce environmental and health impacts. These challenges make it difficult to identify a compound or class of compounds that can be truly recognized as a green solvent.This chapter focuses onunconventional solvents, such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids like water and carbon dioxide, deep-eutectic solvent and water, biosolvent, which serve as alternative reaction media to overcome the challenges linked to traditional organic solvents.

Keywords: Green Solvent, Extraction, Flammable, Volatile, ionic liquids, deep-eutectic solvent, bio solvent

1. Introduction

In practically all chemistry, biology, chemical engin eering, biotechnology, and other multidisciplinary s cientific and technological processes, solvents are u tilized to help transmit mass and heat as well as to make separations and purifications easier. In addition, solvents are extensively utilized for the purification of chemical compounds via extractions, separations, chromatography, or crystallizations.(Curzons et al., 1999; Henderson et al., 2011).Some of them have been used in organic synthesis for long time for instance benzene, petroleum ether (a low boiling mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbon), diethyl ether, dichloromethane, 1,2- dichloroethane, chloroform, n-hexane, diethyl ether, Di isopropyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane,1,4 dioxane and chloroform are categorized as toxic harmful substances(Sheldon,2019).To minimize the ecological impacts caused by solvents and to reduce the cost associated with waste disposal and environmental remediation, it is important to mindfully select solvents that conform to the principles of green chemistry.(Slater & Savelski, 2007) .Green chemistry is the use of a series of principles that will reduce the use or generation of hazardous substances during the design, production and application of chemical products. In 1998, Anastas and Warner explicitly explained the fifth principle of green chemistry- “safer solvents and auxiliaries”- “the use of auxiliary substance (e.g., solvents, separations, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and, innocuous when used. “The key aspects that specify green solvents are low toxicity, functionally safe to use (Incombustible, nonexplosive), naturally abundant and easily available, cost-efficient, and ready separation from the reaction mixture. In this chapter include Water, Supercritical fluids (supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) and supercritical water), Ionic liquids (ILs), Deep eutectic solvent (DES), Bio solvent and other organic green solvents are discussed.

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] Abbott, A. P., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., Rasheed, R. K., &Tambyrajah, V. (2003). Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixtures. Chemical Communications, 1, 70–71. https://doi.org/10.1039/b210714g

[2] Castro-Puyana, M., Marina, M. L., & Plaza, M. (2017). Water as green extraction solvent: Principles and reasons for its use. In Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry (Vol. 5, pp. 31–36). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2017.03.00 9

[3] Adejo-Andrew, B. O., Olasupo, F. A., & Ezugwu, C. G. (2020). Small arms proliferation and national security in Nigeria. African Security Review, 29(1), 94–114.

[4] Clark, J. H., Farmer, T. J., Hunt, A. J., & Sherwood, J. (2015). Opportunities for biobased solvents created as petrochemical and fuel products transition towards renewable resources. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 16, Issue 8, pp. 17101–17159). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160817101

[5] Clark, J. H., Macquarrie, D. J., & Sherwood, J. (2013). The combined role of catalysis and solvent effects on the biginelli reaction: Improving efficiency and sustainability. Chemistry - A European Journal, 19(16), 5174–5182. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201204396

Full reference list available in the PDF version.

Forensic Exhumation of Human Remains: Crime Scene Investigation, Scientific Protocols, and Medico-Legal Challenges

August 5, 2026August 7, 2026 Selim

Forensic Exhumation of Human Remains: Crime Scene Investigation, Scientific Protocols, and Medico-Legal Challenges

Manoj Kumar Banjare

Toxicology and Chemistry Division, Sate Forensic Science Laboratory,Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010,India.

Published: 27 July 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

Forensic exhumation is a critical component of modern forensic investigations involving the recovery, examination, identification, and interpretation of buried human remains. It plays a vital role in homicide investigations, cold cases, disaster victim identification, mass grave investigations, historical inquiries, and human rights investigations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific, legal, ethical, and technological aspects of forensic exhumation, emphasizing current methodologies and emerging advancements. The principles of legal authorization, crime scene management, excavation strategies, evidence recovery, forensic anthropology, odontology, DNA analysis, toxicology, radiology, and laboratory investigations are discussed in detail. Special emphasis is placed on modern technologies, including Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), LiDAR, drone-based surveys, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), three-dimensional crime scene reconstruction, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and portable DNA technologies, which have significantly improved grave detection, documentation, and victim identification. The challenges associated with advanced decomposition, environmental degradation, mixed remains, DNA degradation, legal complexities, and cultural considerations are critically evaluated. Furthermore, future perspectives involving AI-assisted exhumation, digital archaeology, robotic excavation, smart crime scene documentation, and integrated forensic data systems are highlighted. Overall, forensic exhumation represents a multidisciplinary scientific approach that combines traditional forensic principles with advanced technologies to ensure accurate evidence recovery, reliable identification, and effective delivery of justice.

Keywords: Forensic exhumation; Crime scene investigation; Human remains; Forensic anthropology; Forensic archaeology; DNA identification; Mass grave investigation; Disaster victim identification; Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR); Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Digital archaeology; Chain of custody; Forensic technology; Human rights investigation.,

1. Introduction

Exhumation is the lawful excavation and recovery of a buried human body or skeletal remains from its place of burial for medico-legal, forensic, archaeological, or humanitarian purposes. In forensic science, exhumation is performed under the authorization of a competent judicial or legal authority when further investigation is required to establish the identity of the deceased, determine the cause and manner of death, recover additional forensic evidence, or resolve legal disputes related to suspicious or unexplained deaths (Mant, 1987; Blau & Ubelaker, 2016). The process is multidisciplinary and involves forensic pathologists, forensic anthropologists, crime scene investigators, forensic odontologists, DNA experts, archaeologists, and law enforcement personnel working under standardized scientific protocols

2. Conclusion

Forensic exhumation represents a highly specialized and multidisciplinary field that integrates forensic pathology, anthropology, archaeology, molecular biology, toxicology, radiology, geospatial science, and advanced computational technologies. The systematic recovery and examination of buried human remains provide critical evidence for determining identity, cause and manner of death, and circumstances surrounding death in criminal investigations, disaster situations, historical investigations, and human rights cases

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] Blau, S.; Ubelaker, D. H. Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology; Routledge: London, 2016.

[2] Byers, S. N. Introduction to Forensic Anthropology, 5th ed.; Routledge: New York, 2017.

[3] Dirkmaat, D. C.; Cabo, L. L.; Ousley, S. D.; Symes, S. A. New Perspectives in Forensic Anthropology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 2008, 51, 33–52.

[4] Hunter, J.; Cox, M. Forensic Archaeology: Advances in Theory and Practice; Routledge: London, 2005.

[5] Knight, B.; Saukko, P. Knight's Forensic Pathology, 4th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2016.

Full reference list available in the PDF version.

Risk – Based Authentication Enhancement of University Digital Portal Security

August 3, 2026August 7, 2026 Selim

Risk – Based Authentication Enhancement of University Digital Portal Security

Samuel F.Camorongan, Diosdado C.Caronongan

Graduate School, University of Luzon, Master in Information Technology Program, University of Eastern Pangasinan.

Published: 25 July 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

With the rapid advancement of digital systems, academic institutions increasingly utilized centralized digital platforms to support academic services and communication. The University of Eastern Pangasinan currently utilizes a digital portal that has a traditional password-based authentication system, which depends on username and password. This study analyzed user perceptions to the existing authentication method of the digital portal, focusing on three key indicators: (1) accessibility, (2) usability, and (3) security effectiveness. Using a descriptive - developmental research design, data were collected through online surveys and focus group discussion with the administrative staff and students. The findings revealed that while the portal performs well in accessibility and usability, its security effectiveness scored lower, indicating limited user confidence in password – based authentication. Based on data gathered, a prototype for risk – based authentication system was developed. This adaptive system evaluates risk through factors such as device and location trust, IP reputation, login patterns, failed attempts, user behavior, and adjusts verification requirements accordingly. Low risk access uses a single – factor authentication, medium risk triggers one – time code verification via email, and high risk requires one – time pin (OTP) verification and hardware token. By conducting a post – test with the developed prototype, a side-by-side comparison of the weighted means between the existing password - base and the developed risk-based authentication system, the developed system indicates a higher level of satisfaction in terms of accessibility, usability, and security features. The study concludes that the developed prototype for risk – based authentication system significantly shows the security effectiveness of the system without compromising user experience, offering a practical solution for academic institutions.

Keywords: Risk – Based Authentication, Digital Portal Security, Security Effectiveness, Accessibility, Usability,

1. Introduction

The increasing reliance of higher education institutions on digital technologies has transformed the delivery of academic services, making university portals essential for managing enrollment, grades, student records, and institutional transactions. As these systems store sensitive personal and academic information, ensuring secure user authentication has become a critical concern. The University of Eastern Pangasinan currently employs a traditional password – based login system that relies solely on single – factor authentication. Although convenient, this approach remains vulnerable to unauthorized access, password theft, and other cybersecurity threats, showing the need for stronger authentication mechanism. Recent studies have emphasized the effectiveness of multi-factor authentication (MFA) in enhancing digital security. A systematic literature review by Cahyanto et al. (2025) found that multi – factor authentication significantly reduces the risk of data breaches and unauthorized access while improving user confidence in digital systems. However, the successful implementation of multi – factor authentication depends not only on its security capabilities but also on users' perceptions of its accessibility, usability, and reliability. Authentication models with a multi - factor usually requires the user to confirm their identity by using an additional step, such as a one – time pin (OTP) or mobile device verification. With this added layer of security, it will help to secure the accounts, but its success is not determined by the technology alone. The user acceptance is being shaped by accessibility, ease of use, and perceived of reliability plays a crucial role in its overall effectiveness.

2. Results

This section presents the results, analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered to address the objectives of the study. Specifically, it discusses: (1) the user perception to the existing university digital portal's authentication system across three aspects — accessibility, usability, and security effectiveness; (2) the development and key features of the proposed risk-based authentication system; (3) the satisfaction level of the respondents on the developed authentication system; and (4) a synthesis of the findings drawn from the data analysis.

3. Discussion

This section summarizes the study’s findings by combining the user perception results of the existing portal and user level satisfaction results of the developed risk-based authentication system.

4. Conclusion

The proponent of the study draws upon the accumulated findings and insights from this research project to present a comprehensive and meaningful conclusion that addresses the effectively and incorporation of risk – based authentication model. Mentioned below are the following conclusions drawn from the project:

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] Cahyanto, I., Madihah, H., Budiarso, I., Sutrisno, A., & Hidayat, T. (2025). Effectiveness of multifactor authentication technology for protecting student privacy: A systematic literature review

[2] Gura, M., & Chen, Q. (2010). Factors affecting adoption of a student portal

[3] Severn, L. (March, 2021). The Process of Gathering Requirements for Software Development.

[4] Lal, R. (February, 2023). What Is Software Prototyping and Why Do You Need It? Medin, D. (2022). Using Data Sources in Research. Research Square

[5] Adam, J. (March, 2023). What is the software development life cycle (SDLC) and why is it important? A brief introduction to SDLC phases, methodologies.

Full reference list available in the PDF version.

Exploring the Clinical Practicum Experience of Male Midwifery Students: From Gender-Based Exclusion to Professional Inclusion

July 23, 2026August 8, 2026 Selim

Exploring the Clinical Practicum Experience of Male Midwifery Students: From Gender-Based Exclusion to Professional Inclusion

Regine Chris F. Yadao, Sheree G. Ganzon, Jesse P. Ordoñez Jr.

Graduate School, University of Luzon, Master in Public Health Program, Urdaneta City University.

Published: 20 July 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

Midwifery, considered one of the oldest professions, has long been deeply regarded as a woman’s work and is traditionally female-dominated. Since the profession closely focuses on female reproductive health, pregnancy, and childbirth, it is assumed that maternal caregiving is uniquely a maternal role. However, current shifts in the healthcare workforce present opportunities for gender inclusivity, including the integration of male midwives. This study delved into the experiences of male midwifery students in their clinical practicum as they transitioned from exclusion to inclusion, including the different supports provided to them. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, ten male midwifery students from the University of Eastern Pangasinan and Urdaneta City University participated in semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was conducted using Colaizzi’s Method. The students reported ongoing barriers in maternal care environments, limited practical experience that hindered case completion, and pressure on their professional identity, which caused self-doubt and a desire to overperform. These issues led to emotional distress, low morale, and fear, eventually affecting their sense of vocation and commitment. Support from family, peers, faith, and self-motivation acted as a protective barrier. Conversely, institutional and clinical support was often seen as insufficient and inconsistent. Despite these obstacles, the students persisted, driven by their passion and sense of purpose. Nonetheless, their persistence highlights endurance rather than effective clinical systems. The study suggests implementing formal gender-sensitivity training for staff, equitable case distribution, and psychosocial support within the midwifery curriculum, aligned with the gender-inclusive education standards set by CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 3, series of 2023.

Keywords: Male Midwifery Students, Gender-Based Exclusion, Gender Inclusivity, Clinical Practicum, Descriptive Phenomenology, Professional Identity, Cmo No.3 Series Of 2023,

1. Introduction

Midwifery has long been considered one of the oldest health professions, which was mostly understood as care given to women by women. That assumption has changed and shifted. As the call for diversity and inclusivity resonates in many industries, healthcare programs are no exception. For instance, enrollment in the Bachelor of Science in Midwifery (BSM) programs, predominantly enrolled in by females, has a small but steadily growing number of male enrollees. The presence of male students in midwifery classrooms challenges the norms that defined the identity of the profession for generations. However, the tension and challenge are heavily experienced in clinical training.

2. Results

Anchored on the study’s two research questions, the analyses produced two (2) sets of themes accordingly. The first set focuses on the lived experiences of the male students, while the second set centers on the formal and informal forms of support in relation to their clinical experiences. Student numbers were used as pseudonyms throughout the study. Moreover, answers originally provided in Filipino were translated to English for consistency and readability

3. Conclusion

Male midwifery students in this study experienced their clinical practicum as a continuing negotiation for space, legitimacy, and belonging within a profession still organized, in practice if not in policy, around the assumption that maternal care is women's work.

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] Arundell, F., Peters, K., & Sheehan, A. (2024). Professional identity: Students' learning from the attributes and behaviours of midwives on clinical placement. Women and Birth, 37(5), Article 101657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2024.101 657

[2] Boakye, D. S., Amoah, V. M. K., & Amoah, C. (2024). Perceptions and attitudes of women in the perinatal period towards male midwives in a rural district of Ghana: A descriptive, exploratory qualitative study. BMJ Open, 14(2), Article e070841. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022- 070841

[3] Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications.

[4] Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. S. Valle & M. King (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp. 48-71). Oxford University Press.

[5] Commission on Higher Education. (2023). CHED Memorandum Order No. 3, Series of 2023: Revised policies, standards, and guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Midwifery program. https://ched.gov.ph/2023-chedmemorandum-orders/

Full reference list available in the PDF version.

Petrological Estimation of Magma Evolution of IC-10 Sample of Flood Basalt Provinces Using Empirical and Mathematical Approaches within Thermodynamic Framework.

July 22, 2026August 8, 2026 Selim

Petrological Estimation of Magma Evolution of IC-10 Sample of Flood Basalt Provinces Using Empirical and Mathematical Approaches within Thermodynamic Framework.

Achuenu Ifeanyi, Adegboye Ayobami Joshua.

Department of Mining Engineering, University of Jos Plateau State, Nigeria.

Published: 30 June 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

This study focuses on empirical and mathematical approaches within thermodynamic framework to constrain the mineralogic, petrographic evolution, and magmatic conditions of the IC-10 sample within the flood basalt provinces. Field mapping and thin-section analyses with respect to empirical and mathematical approaches reveal the evolution of primary mantle melts as they ascend to the surface along an imposed pressure-temperature path which were estimated to be Hortonolite, Magnesioaugite, labradorite, and Fe–Ti oxides, consistent with typical tholeiitic basaltic compositions. Whole-rock geochemical, mineralogical and petrographic data classify the lavas as tholeiitic basaltic lava type characterized by high total alkali contents (Na₂O + K₂O ˃3} with the modal olivine greater than 5% [Modal olivine ˃5%]. Mineral-based geotherbaromometric calculations yield crystallization temperatures of 700–900 °C at P = 1 kbar, suggesting magma storage within the upper mantle to lower crustal levels. These results imply that the IC-10 within the flood basalt provinces evolved through fractional crystallization of lower-crustal high-velocity layers beneath oceanic plateaus and hotspot tracks represent fractionated cumulates from picritic mantle melts and are therefore an integral part of plume volcanism.The findings contribute to the broader understanding of volcanic activity of IC-10 within the flood basalt provinces and its geodynamic in line with the Cameroon Volcanic Line.

Keywords: Mathematical, Geology, Olivine, Petrographic, Geochemical.

1. Introduction

The analyses of basaltic rocks within flood basalt provinces [1] affected by plume volcanism require an understanding of the geodynamic and petrologic processes associated with partial melting of mantle plumes using mathematical and empirical approaches. Plumes of hot material rising from the Earth’s mantle are believed to be caused by intraplate volcanic hotspots [2]. It is most likely that continental flood basalts and oceanic plateaus were formed by enhanced melting of a large plume head at the initiation of mantle plume activity. Geochemical analyses of flood basalts within mathematical and empirical frameworks provide constraints on the depth of original melting for plume magmatism, and often indicate that garnetbearing peridotite could be from a magma source. Hawaii is said to be a garnet bearing source [6], also for the Siberian Traps [7], and for the Wrangellia Terrane [S], which are probably accreted fragment of an oceanic plateau [9]. The interaction of plumelithosphere shows that melting of the lithosphere is considerate by using Thermomechanical models and that the bulk of the parent magmas are produced within the mantle plume [l0,1 1]. The estimated melting depth of 70-120 km (i.e., 20-40 kbar pressure) is within the stability field of garnet peridotite. According to petrological models within the context of mathematical and empirical approaches as well as melting experiments on mantle lherzolite in this pressure range, the composition of the liquid is picritic, with high MgO content (15-18 wt%). Although picrites occur in provinces affected by plume magmatism, the largest volumes of volcanic rocks are tholeiitic basalts, with a fairly constant MgO concentration (6-8 wt%). The conclusion that erupted lavas do not represent primary magmas, but are instead largely derived via crystal fractionation, has important implications for crustal evolution [ 12]. There is now a growing body of seismic data that allow imaging of the deep crustal structure of hotspot tracks, such as Hawaii [13] and the Marquesas Is- lands [14], of oceanic plateaus, such as Ontong Java [15], and of continental flood basalt provinces, such as the Columbia River Plateau

2. Results

The basaltic rocks of flood basalt provinces are classified using their major oxide compositions and these are shown in Tables 1, below. The SiO₂ contents range between 45.8–52.4 wt %, while total alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O) vary from 3.1–5.7 wt %, indicating a mildly alkaline character. The Fe₂O₃/MgO ratios (1.6–2.3) and TiO₂ > 1 wt % further suggest a transitional to alkaline affinity, typical of basaltic rock of flood basalt provinces. The classification aligns with the tholeiitic–alkaline basalt spectrum of Yoder and Tilley (1962) and corresponds to basaltic magmas derived from a heterogeneous upper-mantle source that experienced limited fractional crystallization prior to eruption

3. Conclusion

The flood basalt provinces are a products of mantle-derived, mildly alkaline basaltic magmatism, emplaced along reactivated basement fractures. We used the mathematical and empirical approaches [19] to model the compositional evolution of deep mantle plume melts [17], assuming that crystal fractionation is the dominant mechanism through which picritic liquids evolve toward a basaltic composition and the minerals estimated were Hyalosiderite (Fo57), Magnesio-augite, and Labradorite (An67). The rock type is tholeiitic basalt and the magma type is tholeiitic basaltic magma Type because the modal olivine is less than 5%

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] M.S. Ghiorso and R.O. Sack, Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes, IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic gated from peridotite using aggregates of melts segre of diamond, Planet. Sci. Lett. 114, 477-489, model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid temperatures equilibria in magmatic and pressures, Contrib. systems at elevated Mineral. Petrol. 119. Earth 1993. [ 181 E. Stolper and D. Walker, Melt density and average composition of basalt, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 74, 7- 12, 1980. [I91 T. Parsons, 197-212, 1995.

[2] W.J. Morgan, Plate motions and deep mantle convection, Mem. Geol. Sot. Am. 132, 7-22, 1972.

[3] W.J. Morgan, Hotspot tracks and the opening of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, in: The Sea, Vol. 7. The Oceanic Litho- sphere, C. Emiliani. ed., pp. 443-487, NY, 1981.

[4] M.A. Richards, Wiley, New York, R.A. Duncan and V.E. Courtillot, Flood basalts and hotspot tracks: plume heads and tails, Science 246, 103- 107, 1989.

[5] I.H. Campbell and R.W. Griffiths, Implications plume structure for the evolution of flood of mantle basalts. Planet. Sci. Lett. 99. 79-93, Earth 1990.

Full reference list available in the PDF version.

Geochemical Classification of Miango Basalt of Jos Plateau State, Nigeria Using Numerical Analysis

July 21, 2026August 8, 2026 Selim

Geochemical Classification of Miango Basalt of Jos Plateau State, Nigeria Using Numerical Analysis

Achuenu Ifeanyi

Department of Mining Engineering, University of Jos Plateau State, Nigeria

Published: 27 June 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

Numerically, the formation of rock forming minerals from magma, depends on the numerical values of each mineral under thermodynamic conditions. This research was focused on geochemical classification of Miango basalt using numerical analysis. Findings have shown that, under mathematical context with Bowen’s and Goldschmidt rules, the Miango basaltic sample of MIANGO VOLCANIC FIELD falls within gabbro clan and the estimated minerals using an empirical approach, are Ferro-augite (Basic Clino-pyroxene), Hortonolite (Basic olivine), Labradorite (Basic Plagioclase) and Ulvospinel (Iron ore). The gabbro clan includes basalt, dolerite, norite, scoria and gabbro and therefore empirically, Miango basaltic sample of MIANGO VOLCANIC FIELD was found to be characteristics of rock of Gabbro clan and the rock type for Miango basaltic sample in MIANGO VOLCANIC FIELD is Alkaline Olivine basalt magma type. Finally, the “mathematical connection” between Bowen’s and Goldschmidt concepts was used in this research for a concise explanation of rock forming minerals from the beginning to the end of crystallization and would help the ‘beginners’ especially students of Earth sciences such as Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology and other chemical sciences such as Chemistry, Geochemistry and Petroleum Geology to have clear understanding of rock forming minerals from the Resident magma.

Keywords:Numerical, Geology, Bowen, Goldschmidt, Basalt

1. Introduction

The occurrences of volcanic hills (cones) on the Jos Plateau in particular and Nigeria in general are indication of previous eruptive sites. The surface area of Nigeria is approximately 923,768 Km2 and is underlain in nearly equal proportions by crystalline and sedimentary rocks with volcanic rocks dotting the central and northeastern portions. Volcanic rocks (acid/basic) are generally formed from solidifying magma or lava whether ejected or poured on the surface of the earth. There are three principal magma series recognized on the Earth with each composed of group of related magma types that are emplaced on the Earth’s crust. They are: Basaltic (tholeiitic), Andesitic (calc-alkaline) and Rhyolitic (alkaline magma) series.

2. Results

The Miango basaltic rocks are classified using their major oxide compositions and this shown in Table 1 below. The SiO₂ contents range between 45.8–52.4 wt %, while total alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O) vary from 3.1–5.7 wt %, indicating a mildly alkaline character. The Fe₂O₃/MgO ratios (1.6–2.3) and TiO₂ > 1 wt % further suggest a transitional to alkaline affinity, typical of intraplate continental basalts. The classification aligns with the tholeiitic– alkaline basalt spectrum of Yoder and Tilley (1962) and corresponds to basaltic magmas derived from a heterogeneous upper-mantle source that experienced limited fractional crystallization prior to eruption.

3. Conclusion

Using Bowen’s and Goldschmidt concepts according Achuenu and others (2025), the formula 𝑓𝑛 (𝑍0 ) = [𝛽 + ∝]𝑛+𝑝𝑍0 for mafic minerals and (ϒ + Χ )𝑚+𝑝(𝛽 + 𝛼)𝑛+𝑝 (𝒬 + 𝒩)𝑦+𝑝 𝒲𝑖 = (ϒ𝑚−𝑝Χ𝑝) (𝛽𝑛−𝑝𝛼𝑝)(𝒬𝑦−𝑝𝒩𝑝)𝒲𝑖) for felsic and complex minerals were successfully used in this research to calculate the numerical values of minerals in Kassa basalt, particularly, For MIA. From the Mathematical modeling, it is also concluded, that the examinations of sampled rocks collected from Miango Volcanic Basalts, under thin section, chemical analysis using ICPMS, and mathematical computation indicate, that minerals observed and chemical composition analyzed, fall within gabbro clan. The gabbro clan includes basalt, dolerite, norite, scoria and gabbro. The minerals observed in these rocks under thin section are restricted to Gabbro clan and they are mainly basic, because of its instability in the presence of free silica. It is on this note, conclusion was made that, mathematically Miango volcanic Basalts particularly for average samples of Miango basalt as shown in Table 1 above, are characteristics of rocks of Gabbro clan and the rock type for Miango basalt is olivine, alkali basalt magma type as shown in Table 1 above.

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] Achuenu I., Lekmang.C.I.,Hyeladi.D,. And Geoffry M.K., (2025). Application of Matrix and Set Notation to Rock forming minerals using combined Goldschmidt and Bowen’s concept with respect to thermodynamic principles. Smart Materials and Engineering Applications: Vol. 1(1) May, Pp. 29-61, 2025

[2] Achuenu I., Lekmang.C.I.,Hyeladi.D,. And Geoffry M.K., (2025). Mathematical Modeling of Goldschmidt and Bowen’s Crystallization of Mafic Magma: Implication for the Crystallization of Basaltic Rocks. Global educational Research: 2360-7963 Vol. 13(4), Pp. 141-158, 2025

[3] Achuenu I., Lekmang.C.I.,Hyeladi.D,.(2025). Mathematical Analysis and its Application to Kassa Basaltic Rocks of Jos Plateau State, Nigeria: Smart Materials and Engineering Applications: Vol. 1(1), Pp. 1-28, 2025

[4] Achuenu I., Lekmang.C.I.,Hyeladi.D,. And Geoffry M.K., (2025). Modification Bowen’s Reaction Series of Rock Forming Minerals Using Mathematical Mapping Method with Respect to thermodynamic Principles. Convergent Materials Horizons: Vol. 1(1), Pp. 14-47, 2025

[5] Bowen N. L., (1928). The later stages of the Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, Journal of Geology xxiii. Supplement, 91 pp.

Full reference list available in the PDF version.

Compaction Trend Modeling from petrophysical parameters of Reservoir Wells in the Central Depobelt, Niger Delta.

July 7, 2026August 8, 2026 Selim

Compaction Trend Modeling from petrophysical parameters of Reservoir Wells in the Central Depobelt, Niger Delta

Compaction Trend Modeling from petrophysical parameters of Reservoir Wells in the Central Depobelt, Niger Delta.

Zi, I. C., Amakiri, A. R. C., Tamunobereton-ari, I., Amonieah, J.

Department of Physics, Rivers State University

Published: 26 June 2026 | DOI:

Abstract

Understanding compaction behavior is essential for reliable pore pressure prediction, reservoir characterization, and safe drilling operations in sedimentary basins. The study aimed at evaluating the effect of compaction using petrophysical properties across eight(8) Wells and an accurate prediction of the sub-surface pore pressure, a basic requirement for safety, economics and efficiency in exploratory drilling and production of oil and gas. The capacity of assessing both short- and long-term rock behaviors according to the interaction between distinct parameters of rock texture, petrophysical and mechanical properties are highly instrumental to several geoengineering materials (Askaripour et al., 2022). This study presents a compaction trend modeling approach using well-log data from selected reservoir wells ‘Z’ field, Central Depobelt of the Niger Delta. Shale intervals were identified and normal compaction trends (NCT) across the study wells were established. The petrophysical characterization estimated across Wells A – H are shown in Table 1, while the compaction trend delineation obtained from petrophysical parameters for Sonic transit time (Dt), Compressional velocity (Vp), Density(ρ), Porosity (ϕ), and Overburden stress (σstress) for wells A - D and E - H are shown in Figs. 3 - 4, 5 - 6, 7 - 8, 9 - 10, and 11 – 12, respectively. From the estimated result for Dt across Wells (A – H), Well A had the highest average value of 117.93 us/ft, while Well H had the lowest average value of 87.64us/ft. For Vp, Well H has the highest average value of 3549.58m/s while Well A had the lowest average value of 264.82m/s. For Density(ρ) and Porosity(ϕ), it was observed to have the highest average value of 2.52gcc and fractional value 0.38 in Well H and A, with lowest average values of 2.21gcc and fractional 0.20 in Well A and H, respectively. Overburden stress(σ), was estimated to have the highest average value of 1.09psi/ft in Well H, with the lowest average value of 0.96psi/ft in Well A. Figs. 3 and 4 indicates that the Dt decreases with depth as compaction of rock increases with increase in ρ and Vp. The increase in Dt directly corresponded to higher ϕ values (slower travel). The Vp against depth profile across Wells A-D and E-H shows that Vp increases with depth, leading to higher compaction, because as sediments are compacted, porosity was observed to decreases across all Wells, hence grains are more tightly packed, and the rock matrix becomes stiffer which led to consolidation. This implies that as formation rocks become more compacted (denser) and less porous, their compressional wave velocity increases with decrease in sonic interval travel time, except where high porous and less dense zones were experienced that could initiate the reverse case of the trend, which possibly suggests the presence of abnormal pressure as observed from other complimentary profiles within the study area.

Keywords: Compaction trend, Petrophysical characterization, Overpressure, undercompaction, well logs data, Central Depobel

1. Introduction

Compaction trend analysis plays a critical role in subsurface evaluation, particularly in predicting pore pressure and understanding reservoir behavior (Eaton, 1975). In sedimentary basins such as the Niger Delta, high sedimentation rates and thick shale successions commonly result in abnormal pressure conditions (Doust & Omatsola, 1990). Therefore, the petrophysical evaluation of the rock formation has almost always played a crucial role in not only compaction trend assessment, but also in evaluating and predicting subsurface geopressure. These basic physical properties (Compressional velocity, sonic interval transit time, porosity, density, and permeability) forms fundamental engineering parameters and remain the basic and most reliable tool for quantitative description of subsurface information. The study aimed at evaluating the effect of compaction using petrophysical properties across eight (8) Wells and....

2. Results and Discussion

The average estimated depth range and gross thickness across Wells A – H is shown in Table. 2, while the petrophysical parameters estimated across these Wells are shown in Table 3. The compaction trend delineation obtained from petrophysical parameters cross-plotted against depth for Sonic transit time (Dt), Compressional velocity (Vp), Density(ρ), Porosity (ϕ), and Overburden stress (σstress) for wells A-D and E-H are shown in Figs. 3 - 4, 5 - 6, 7 - 8, 9 - 10, and 11 – 12 respectively. Average estimated sonic transit time (Dt) results for Well A – H are 117.93us/ft, 108.74us/ft, 105.60us/ft, 98.54us/ft, 104.29us/ft, 104.70us/ft, 105.97us/ft, and 87.64us/ft, respectively with the highest value of 117.93 us/ft in Well A and H the lowest with 87.64us/f; while the estimated average compressional velocities (Vp) are 264.82m/s, 2881.57m/s, 2928.37m/s, 3132.63m/s, 3000.46m/s, 3001.15m/s, 2980.33m/s, and 3549.58m/s, respectively with Well H the highest with 3549.58m/s and Well A the lowest with 264.82m/s. Average density across Wells(A – H) are 2.22gcc, 2.27gcc, 2.28gcc, 2.32gcc, 2.29gcc, 2.29gcc, 2.28gcc and 2.52gcc respectively with the average value of 2.52gcc in Well H and 2.21gcc the lowest in Well A. Average estimated porosity value are 0.38, 0.33, 0.31, 0.26, 0.30, 0.30, 0.31, and 0.20, respectively. The highest average porosity value was observed in Well A with 0.38, while the lowest was observed in Well H with 0.20. Average overburden stress across Wells (A – H) are 0.96psi/ft, 0.98psi/ft, 0.99psi/ft, 1.01psi/ft, 0.99psi/ft, 0.99psi/ft, 0.99psi/ft, and 1.09psi/ft respectively. Well H was observed to have the highest value with 1.09psi/ft, while the lowest was observed in Well A with 0.96psi/ft. However, Figs. 11 and 12 shows that a direct and linear relationship exists across all Wells (A – H) as observed in the presentation of the compaction trend delineation. The overburden - depth profile, and correlational regression equations and the correlations coefficient for all the Wells (A-G) apart from Well – H which appeared differently, where shown as; y = 24.731x – 3355 and R2 = 0.9956, y = 0.04x + 153.98 and R2 = 0.994, y=0.0403x + 155.98 and R2 = 0.09912, y = 0.0406x + 126.89 and R2 = 0.9815, y = 0.0395x + 241.53 and R2 = 0.9954, y = 0.0385x + 289.45 and R2 = 0.9925, y= 0.0393 x + 240.98 and R2 = 0.9939, respectively.

3. Conclusion

In most explored intervals within the Central Depobelt of Niger Delta, undercompaction due to high sedimentation rate happens to be more rapid than fluid expansion rate, are now the dominant primary overpressure mechanism, and based on subsurface investigation, like Well logs survey for downhole measurement has revealed that, shallow sandstone reservoirs are found to have subhydrostatic pore pressure, while the lower reservoir unit is presently at hydrostatic pressure regime (Agbasi et al. 2020). Therefore, with drilling activities now focused into deeper reservoirs, secondary overpressure mechanisms become increasingly important which necessitates a proper understanding of these mechanisms and modified approach to prediction techniques. This study has demonstrated that compaction trend modeling using wireline log data is an effective approach for evaluating subsurface pressure conditions in reservoir wells of the Central Depobelt, Niger Delta. The results indicated that deviations from normal compaction trends occur at greater depths, suggesting the influence of undercompaction and potential overpressure development. The integration of petrophysical parameters for rock characterization is crucial for compaction evaluation and formation geopressure delineation. This approach is critical for optimizing well completion, improving wellbore stability, designing hydraulic fracturing, and managing reservoir compaction, fluid production efficiently and overpressure prediction. A proper understanding of the Porosity, Permeability, density, Compressional (Vp) and Shear (Vs) velocities, Sonic transit time(∆t), and overburden stress and their relationships across various depths were estimated for compaction evaluation and overpressure prediction. The computed data for this petrophysical estimations in Table 2 and delineated results across Well A – H, in Fig. 3 -12, for compaction characterization and geopressured delineation showed that, the study area is well compacted with normal compaction trend (NCT) within good depth ranges, but deviated trend from certain depth intervals which estimated undercompaction and suggested overpressured establishment, caused by compaction disequilibrium and other natural phenomena. These findings are consistent with earlier geological and basin studies in the Niger Delta (Doust & Omatsola, 1990).

⬇ Download Full Paper (PDF)

References

[1] Agbasi, O. E, Souvik S, Namdie JI, Sunday EE (2020) Assessment of pore pressure, wellbore failure and reservoir stability in the Gabo field, Niger Delta, Nigeria—Implications for drilling and reservoir management. J Afr Earth Sc 173:104038. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jafrearsci. 2020.104038

[2] Alabere, A. O. & Akangbe, O. K. (2021). Pore pressure prediction in Niger Delta high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) domains using well logs and 3D seismic data: a case study of X‑field, onshore Niger Delta. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021- 01264-5.

[3] Alasi, T. K., Ogunkoya, C. O., Adeleke, D. K., Olawale, L. O., Ibrahim, H. O. (2025). Pore Pressure Prediction, Fracture Pressure and Lithology of Well X0 1 And X02, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY). http://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.02.2025.59.6 4

[4] Avbovbo, A. A. (1978). Tertiary lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62(3), 295–306.

[5] Baouche, R., Sen, S., Sadaoui, M., Boutaleb, K., Ganguli, S. S., (2020b). Characterization of pore pressure, fracture pressure, shear failure and its implications for drilling, wellbore stability and completion design—a case study from the Takouazet field, Illizi Basin. Algeria Mar Petrol Geol 120:104510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020. 104510

Full reference list available in the PDF version.